第一段
①We’re fairly good at judging people based on first impressions, thin slices of experience ranging from a glimpse of a photo to five-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only extraneous but intrusive. ②In one study of the ability she called “thin slicing,” the late psychologist Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor’s overall effectiveness.③Their ratings correlated strongly with students’ end-of-semester ratings.④Another set of participants had to count backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips, occupying their conscious working memory.⑤Their ratings were just asaccurate, demonstrating the intuitive nature of the social processing.
单词&词组
first impression 第一印象
slice n.薄片,片
range from...to...在一定幅度内变化,变动
extraneous a.非必要的;无关的
intrusive a.打搅的;侵扰的
correlate v.相互关联;极为相似
count backward倒数
intuitive a.凭直觉得到的;直觉的
本段翻译
我们很擅长运用第一印象——“经验薄片”来评判他人(从对照片的一瞥,到长达五分钟的互动都可称为“经验薄片”),此时深思不仅没有必要,而且会造成干扰。在纳里尼·安巴迪称为“行为薄片撷取”能力的一项研究中,这位已故的心理学家要求参与者观看教授们(授课)的10秒无声视频片段,并对教师的整体效果进行评分。他们的评分与学生在学期末(对教师)的评分高度相关。另一组参与者在观看视频片段时需要从1000开始以9为单位倒数,这占用了他们的意识工作记忆。这组人的评分也同样准确,这显示出“社会信息处理”的直觉性。
第二段
①Critically, another group was asked to spend a minute writing down reasons for their judgment, before giving the rating.②Accuracy dropped dramatically. ③Ambady suspected that deliberation focused them on vivid but misleading cues, such as certain gestures or utterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signals form a holistic impression.③She found similar interference when participants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and judged whether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.
单词&词组
critically ad.极为重要地;很大程度上
dramatically ad.突然地;明显地
interplay n.相互影响(或作用)
holistic a.整体的;全面的
本段翻译
极为关键的是,另一组参与者被要求在评分之前花一分钟写下他们做出判断的原因。此时,评分的准确性大幅下降。安巴迪推测,深思使参与者将精力集中于那些生动但具有误导性的信号(比如特定的手势或说话方式),而未能让微妙信号间的复杂关系形成整体印象。她发现,参与者在观看15秒的双人视频片段,然后判断两者是陌生人、朋友还是约会对象时,也会受到类似的干扰。
第三段
①Other research shows we’re better at detecting deception form thin slices when we rely on intuition instead of reflection.②“It’s as if you’re driving stick shift,” says Judith Hall, a psychologist at Northeastern University, “and if you start thinking about it too much, you can’t remember what you’re doing.③But if you go on automatic pilot, you’re fine. ④Much of our social life is like that.”
单词&词组
detect v.发现;查明
deception n.欺骗;蒙骗
stick shift换挡杆;手动变速车
on automatic pilot习惯性地,机械地
本段翻译
其他研究表明,我们在依靠直觉而非深思时,更能从“行为薄片”中察觉出欺骗。“这就像你在开手动挡汽车,”东北大学心理学家朱迪斯·霍尔说,“如果你开始反复思考如何挂挡,你就会忘记自己本来是要做什么。但如果你不假思索地按照习惯操作,就不会遇到什么问题。我们的社交生活也多半如此。”
第四段
①Thinking too much can also harm our ability to form preferences.②College students’ ratings of strawberry jams and college courses aligned better with experts’ opinions when the students weren’t asked to analyze their rationale.③And people made car-buying decisions that were both objectively better and more personally satisfying when asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details, but only if the decision was complex—when they had a lot of information to process.
单词&词组
preference n.偏爱的事物
align v.使一致
rationale n.全部理由;逻辑依据
objectively ad.客观(地)
本段翻译
考虑得过多也会损害我们形成偏好的能力。在不要求大学生细察其依据的情况下,他们对草莓果酱和大学课程的评估与专家的意见更一致。而在人们被要求关注感受而非细节时,做出的购车决定会在客观上更合适,而且更令自己满意,但也只有在这一决定很复杂的情况下方才如此——(因为)此时人们有很多信息需要处理。
第五段
①Intuition’s special powers are unleashed only in certain circumstances.②In one study, participants completed a battery of eight tasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking (discerning rules,comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition and creativity (generating new products or figures of speech).③Then they rated the degree to which they had used intuition (“gut feelings,” “hunches,” “my heart”).④Use of their gut hurt their performance on the first four tasks, as expected, and helped them on the rest. ⑤Sometimes the heart is smarter than the head.
单词&词组
circumstance n.条件;环境
tap v.利用
discern v.识别;了解
comprehend v.理解
generate v.产生
figure of speech 修辞格;修辞手段
本段翻译
直觉的特殊能力只有在特定的情境下才会发挥出来。在一项研究中,参与者完成了一组八项任务,其中四项运用了深度思索能力(辨识规则、理解词汇),另外四项运用了直觉与创造力(创造新产品或修辞格)。而后,他们对自己使用直觉(“本能”“预感”“内心”)的程度给出了评分。不出所料,使用直觉损害了他们在前四项任务中的表现,而对其余的任务则有所帮助。有时候,心比脑更聪明。
五道题
36. Nalini Ambady’sstudy deals with________
A. instructor student interaction
B. the power of people’s memory
C. the reliability of first impressions
D. People's ability to influence others
37. In Ambaby 's study, rating accuracy dropped when participants_______
A. gave the rating in limited time
B. focused on specific details
C. watched shorter video clips
D. discussed with on another
38.Judith Hall mentions driving to mention that_______
A. memory can be selective
B. reflection can be distracting
C. social skills must be cultivated
D. deception is difficult to detect
39.When you are making complex decisions, it is advisable to_______
A. follow your feelings
B. list your preferences
C. seek expert advice
D. collect enough data
40.What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A. Generating new products takes time
B. Intuition may affect reflectivetasks
C. Vocabulary comprehension needs creativity
D. Objective thinking may boost intuitiveness
参考答案
BAAAB
答案解析
36、由题干中的Nalini Am bady's study定位至第一、二段安巴迪的“行为薄片撷取”能力研究。第一段①句指出人们擅长通过第一印象即thin slices of experience评判他人, ②句顺而指出安巴迪就thin slicing这一能力进行了研究, 说明安巴迪的研究与人们的第一印象有关。再结合第一段③⑤句、第二段②句所指出的“安巴迪将参与者和学生对教师的评分进行对比,评估参与者对教师的第一印象的准确性”,可知安巴迪的研究涉及“第一印象的可靠性”,故[B]正确。
37、根据题干关键词Am bady's study和rating accuracy dropped定位至第二段②句。梳理上下文逻辑可知,①句指出导致评分准确率下降的直接原因是“参与者需写下评分原因”,③句中安巴迪推测出现这一结果是因为“deliberation focused the mon vivid but misleading cues(深思使他们将精力集中于那些生动但具有误导性的信号) ”, 其中focused the mon vivid but misleading cues表明参与者将注意力放在了具体细节上, 对应[A] 选项中focused on specific details, 因此[A] 正确。
38、由题干中的人名Judith Hall与关键词driving定位至第三段②③句。朱迪斯·霍尔称,若一个人开着手动挡车,如果他反复思考如何挂挡,就会导致他忘记本来是要做什么。如果他只是不假思索地按照习惯操作,就会开得很顺利。两种情形的对比表明,依靠直觉往往比较顺利,而深思熟虑可能反而会导致注意力分散, 从而影响判断。另外, 朱迪斯·霍尔的观点以It'sas if...开始, 表明该观点是为支撑上文观点服务的,因此我们也可以借助首句内容解题。首句指出,当我们依靠直觉而非深思时,更能从“行为薄片”中觉察到欺骗;言外之意即直觉比深思更可靠。[A]符合题意。
39、根据题干关键词complex dec i ions定位到第四段末句。该句指出, 当人们被要求关注感觉而非细节时,他们做出的购车决定既合理又令自己满意,但只有在这一决定很复杂的情况下方才如此。由此可知,在做复杂决定时,明智的做法是“遵从你的感觉”,故[D]正确。同时排除[A]。
40、末段首句指出,直觉的特殊能力只有在特定情形下才能发挥出来。②③④句引用研究发现进一步说明:在一项研究中,参与者要完成四项运用深度思索能力、四项运用直觉与创造力的任务,并为其使用直觉的程度打分。结果发现,使用直觉损害了他们在前四项任务中的表现,而对后四项任务则有所帮助。由此可知,直觉会降低思考性工作的成效,故[B]正确。
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