1、 it is “Beowulf”,the national epic of the English people.
《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf），又译贝奥武甫，完成于西元八世纪，约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗，长达3000行。故事的舞台位于北欧的斯堪的纳维亚半岛。是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇，在语言学方面也是相当珍贵的文献。
贝奥武夫（Beowulf）乃现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。该诗中并未提及英国，但学者相信该诗约於西元七二五年左右在英国完成。全诗凡三千一百八十二行，以斯堪地那维亚的英雄贝奥武夫的英勇事迹构成主要内容。虽然历史上并未证实确有贝奥武夫其人，但诗中所提及的许多其他人物与事迹却得到印证。
Features of “Beowulf”:The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration. Other features of “Beowulf” are the use of metaphors and of understatements.
本诗原以西撒克逊方言写成，押头韵而不押尾韵，用双字隐喻而不用明喻。全诗内容分为两部分：
第一部分描叙丹麦霍格国王（King Hrothgurs）宏伟的宫殿，在前后十二年中，半人半魔的妖怪格兰戴（Grendel）每晚出没捉食霍格的战士。此时恰巧瑞典南部济兹（Geats）王子贝奥武夫率家臣来访，协助除害。国王当晚设宴款待，熟料妖怪格兰戴又复出现，捉食一名济兹战士，贝奥武夫与之格斗，贝氏扭断其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重伤致死。第二天晚上，格兰戴的母亲前来为其子复仇，其后贝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中杀死。
第二部分描叙贝奥武夫返国，被拥为王，前后五十年，举国大治。最后贝奥武夫以垂老之年，杀一喷火巨龙，但其个人亦因而身受重创，终於身死。诗末叙其葬礼，并有挽歌。
2、 The most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance------chivalry.
The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances.
英国封建主义时期最主要的文学是传奇故事(骑士文学). 是最充分地表现了封建贵族阶级精神特征的文学，也是世俗的贵族阶级文学的主要成就.
3、 The Ballads:Aballed is a story told in song.usually in 4-line stanzas,with the second and fourth lines rhymed.They are mainly the literature of the peasants,and in them one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society.民谣,叙事诗(押韵).
4、 Geoffrey Chaucer ,the founder of English poetry.
Troilus and Criseyde特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德.
The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集, 以一伙来自社会各个阶层的香客在宗教朝圣的路上讲述故事为线索，向我们清楚地展示了那个时代人们的生活。在所有的23个故事中，除了两篇之外，其余都是诗歌体裁的作品。
The Prologue序言:All classes of the English feudal society.except the royalty and the poorest peasant.
Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types,especially the rhymed couplet of 5accents in iambic meter (the “heroic couplet”) 乔叟(1343-1400),英国诗歌之父.首创英雄双韵体.
5、 The Renaissance and Humanism: Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.
文艺复兴,提倡理性,人文主义.
6、 Thomas More:Utopia托马斯?摩尔:乌托邦(空想社会主义).Book one picture of contemporary English,expose the poverty of labouring class.Book two ideal commin wealth.
More understood that the principle “From everyone according to his capacities,to everyone according to his needs”is the only practical basis for a communist society.
7、 The sonnet,an exact form of poetry in 14lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed,was introduced to England from Italy.十四行诗(五步抑扬格,押韵).blank verse:无韵体(米尔顿).
8、 Sir Philip Sidey is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry,”Astrophel and Stella”
圣?菲律浦?西德尼十四行诗<<阿期菲尔和斯特拉>>.
Edmund Spenser:the “poet’s poet”.in 1579 he wrote “The Shepherd’s Calendar”
斯宾塞,诗人中的诗人,<<牧羊人的日历>>.The Faerie Queene是一部卷帙丰富的长诗,诗中有传统寓言(ALLEGORY)以及对伊丽莎白女王的颂歌。
9、 Francis Bacon,the founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science .
培根,英国唯物主义和现代科学奠基人,散文家.
10、 Marlowe’s 马洛<浮士德博士>
It is Marlowe who first made blank verse(rhymeles iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.为莎士比亚戏剧作了奠基
11、Shakespere :
四大喜剧A Midsummer Night’s Dream,The Merchant of Venice,As You Like It,Twelfth Nightl.
四大悲剧:Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,Macbeth.
Desdemona and Othello both belong to the future world.Their tragedy shows that noble—minded people may be led astray by evil forces in a evil society and commit heinous mistakes if they cannot distinguish falsehood from truth,and evil from good.”Othello”is a tragety of humanism.”Othello”is also a tragedy of the coloured people in a society of racial prejudice.
The theme of “King Lear”is not simply filial ingratitude.The play depicts a great social upheaval.The miseries of Lear disclose the essence of a corrupt society,This is a reflections of the jungle law of the age of primitive accumulations.The root of Lear’s tragedy lies in his irresponsibly dividing up his kingdom owing to mistaking his two daughters’insincere flattery for genuine love.
“Macbeth”:The play is a tragedy of ambion,which drives a brave soldier and national hero to degenerate into a bloody murderer and despot right to his doom.
“Hamlet”:is considered the summit of Shakespeare’s art.
12、Milton::Paradise Lost米尔顿<失乐园>
13、Samson Agonistes is a poetical drama modeled on the Greek tragedies.大力士参森
14、Bunyan:The Pilgrim’s Progress班扬<天路历程>影晌了Vanity Fair<名利场>
15、Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets玄学派和骑士诗人John Donne,邓恩the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.形式上很怪异,荒谬.
16、John Dryden was a prolific writer.According to classicism,drama,poetry and prose should all be controlled by some fixed rules.古典主义理性法则,秩序.
17、the Enlightenment in Europe,the enlighteners fought against class inequality,stagnation,prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.the representatives of the Enlightness in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele,the essayists,and Alexander Pope,the poet.英国启蒙运动
18、Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin,Ireland,in 1667.Gulliver’s Travels斯威夫特<格列佛游记>.
The Drapie’s Letters 散文and A Modest Proposal,Wood’s half-pence
19、Defoe:Robinson Crusoe笛福:鲁滨逊漂流记The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoesie at the earlier satages of its development,He is most practical and exactg,always religious and at same time mindful of his own profit.
20、Samuel Richardson:Pamela,First,it discarded the “improbable and marvelous”accomplishments of the former heroic romances,and puctured the life and love of ordinary people.Secondly,its intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction,Thirdly,it describes not only the saying and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feeling.It was,in fact,the first Enhlish psycho-analytical novel.书信体写作方法,是心理分析小说的鼻祖,
21、Fielding菲尔丁<约瑟夫 安德鲁>the novel was at the same time criticized for its excessive sentimentality and its utilitarian morality.Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic Novel英国现实主义小说奠基人
Some Features of fielding’s Novel:1)Fielding’s Method of Relating a Story;There are three ways in telling the story of a novel.It may be told in a series of letters.
22、Sheridan雪尔顿,戏剧家,造谣学校.
23、Johnson’s Dictionary约翰逊<字典编撰>
24、Oliver Goldsmith:Peoms:,五步一扬格
25、Sentimetalism in English Poetry.The appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite.Romanticism in English Poetry.感伤主义,古典和浪漫转换
Thomas Graya;牧园哀歌
26、William blake:and
27、Burns:the works of the Scottish poets Ramsay and Fergusson.苏格兰庄严形式,//A Res,Red Rose//.So the general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois xiciety.消极
28、Wordsworth,the representarive poet of the early romaneicism.marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century.标志着浪漫主义的开始”all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.Wordsworth,Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned sa the “Lake Poet”消极的湖畔诗人.
29、Coleridge;His most important prose work is “Bioftaphia Literaria,or Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions”a literty autobiography,which afforded the new Romantic poetry a new principle of criticism,whose task was not to judge but to appreciate and interpret.Coleridge was the first critic of the Romantic school.诗人,评论家.
30、Byron:----cantos,拜伦:<唐璜>诗篇
31、Shelley:,雪莱,<被缚的普罗米修斯>,<西风颂>
32、John Keats:”Beauty in truth,truth in beauty.”he shared a close sympathy in political sentiment.Yet,while byron and Shelley attempted to remould the contemporary society with both poetry and political action,Keats restricted his application of the principle of liberty to the sphere of Art.
33、Lamb,from Montaigne’s “Essais”:.伊利亚散文集
34、English Critical Realism:Charles Dickens,MakepeaceThackeray,Charlotte and Emily Bronte,Elizabeth Gaskell,George Eliot.英国批判现实主义,,讽刺,Humorous scenes may attend the actions of the positive characters,but this humour is tinged with lyricism and serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters.At the same time,bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the bourgeois society.Through the sketches of various negative characters given birth to by the capitalist system,critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of cash upon human nature.Here lies the root of the democratic and humanistic character of the critical realism of the 19th century.But the critical realists did not find a way to eradicate social evils.They were unable to find a good solution to the social contradictions.The chief tendency in treir works is not of revolution but rather of reformism.
35、Dickens, 《A Tale of Two Cities》.”There were,of course,rich people and poor”
36、Thackeray::A Novel Without a Hero名利场.The title was taken from Bunyan’s “Pilgrim’s Progress”
37、Jane Austen:She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.The comparison is true.The ivory surface is small enough,but the woman who made drawings of human life on it is a real artist. pride and prejudice奥斯汀,<傲慢与偏见>
38、Charlotte Bronte:夏洛蒂勃朗特,Emily Bronte,
39、Mrs.Gaskell:
40、George Eliot:,,.Eliot wrote her novels with the aim of propagating her moral views.”Adam Bede”is a novel of moral conflicts,showing the contest of personal desires,passion,temperament,human weaknesses and the claims of moral duty.
41、The English realists of the 19th century made a panoramic picture of the bourgeois society.They gave a biting exposure of the greed,hypocrisy and sordidness of the bourgeoisie.They also described the sufferings of the common people under capitalism.Their depth of interpretation and description pushed the art of novel-writing to new heights,hitherto not attained by the 18th century novelists in terms of morality and ethics,and put forward reform and reconciliation as the way to solve acute class contradictions.their great contribution for world literature lies chiefly in their exposure and criticism of the bourgeoisie and in their sympathetic description of the small,common people of the lower classes.Marx thus praised the English critical realists of the 19th century.19世纪批判现实主义
42、Thomas Carlyle’s mission was to establish a new principle in literary criticism.He maintains that it is the critic’s chief task to get into sympathy with his author,to understand,appreciate and interpret his aims and intentions,but not to impose on him purposes which lie outside his plan.
43、Matthew Arnold:精英文化代表人物,无政府主义.”Barbarians,Philistines and Populace”三种人,贵族,中产和低层
44、It now seldom touched on the serious social problems,but mainly concerned itself with the poet’s purely personal or spiritual questionings----such “luxury problems”as shades of religious belief,the conflict between faith and science,or a study of the Italian Renaissance from a pureloy acsthetic view.So the Victorian Age witnessed”the at least temporary decline of English poetry”.It was “an age which gave us little or no great poetry,although it has left us more than enough of skilful verse”.
Tennyson,the most important poet of the Victorian Age.
45、Browning’s principal achievement lies in his introducing to English poetry a new form,the dramatic monologue.戏剧独白.
46、Naturalism:George Gissing自然主义,乔治?吉辛.
47、Neo-Romanticism: Stevenson.Dissatisfied with the drab and ugly social reality and yet trying to avoid the positive solution of the acute social contradictions.史蒂文森,新浪漫主义,对社会不满.
48、Aestheticism:唯美主义代表人物Walter Pater .
Oscar Wilde,,his 4 comedies(,1893;,1894;《An Ideal Husband》;,1895.现想主义,为艺术而艺术.
49、Joseph Conrad,he could write it with eloquence and even with masterly economy.,
50、Henry James,forerunner of the “stream of consciousness”literature,was born in New York and educated in America.意识流先驱.
51、Thomas Hardy:哈德,批判现实主义代表人物,<无名的裘德>
52、George Bernard Shaw戏剧家
53、W.B.Yeats:,叶芝,<当你老了>.
54、Eliot:艾略特<荒原>.
55、Lawrence:劳伦斯<恋母情结>.查泰莱夫人的情人
56、James Joyce:尤利西斯
57、Virginia Woolf:意识流
