2020年英语一阅读理解Text2

第一段

Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. Scientists need journals in which to publish their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. Other scientists perform the specialized work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.

单词&词组

1. a license to print money  不费劲挣大钱，一本万利

2. monetary  a. 货币的，钱的

3. reward  n. 奖励，回报

4. perform  v. 履行，执行

5. specialised  a. 专业的，专门的

6. peer review  同行评议

7. for free  义务地；无偿地

8. central  a. 最重要的，核心的

9. acquisition  n. 获得，得到

本段翻译

科学出版长期以来一直是印钞的许可证。科学家需要发表研究的期刊，所以他们将提供这些文章而不需要金钱奖励。其他科学家也免费开展同行评审的专门工作，因为它是获得地位和产生科学知识的一个中心要素。

第二段

With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. Scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.

单词&词组

1. secure  v. （尤指经过努力）获得，取得

2. routinely  ad. 通常地；毫不意外地

3. profit margin  利润率；利润幅度

4. approach  v. 靠近，接近

5. operation  n. （工商业）活动，业务

6. existential  a. 有关（生死）存在的

本段翻译

由于论文的内容是免费的，出版商只需要为它的期刊找到一个市场。直到本世纪，大学图书馆对价格并不敏感。在出版业其他部门陷入生存危机之际，科学出版社通常报告其运营利润率接近40%。

第三段

The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.

单词&词组

1. access  v. 访问，存取（计算机文件）

2. fund  v. 为……提供资金

3. unstoppably  ad. 无法遏制地，不能阻挡地

4. desperate  a. 绝望的，孤注一掷的

本段翻译

荷兰巨头爱思唯尔声称出版了世界上25%的科学论文，去年盈利超过9亿英镑，而英国大学仅2016年就花了超过2.1亿英镑让研究人员获得自己的公共资助研究；尽管越来越拼命地努力，这两个数字似乎都在不停地上升改变他们。

第四段

The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of Sci-Hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among is users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.

单词&词组

1. drastic  a. 急剧的，猛烈的

2. thoroughly  ad. 彻底，完全

3. emergence  n. 出现，兴起

4. photocopier  n. 复印机

5. pass on  ［用后］递给，传递

6. legitimacy  n. 合理性，正统性

7. transform  v. 转换，改变

本段翻译

最激烈、彻底非法的反应是Sci-Hub的出现，Sci-Hub是一种全球性的科学论文复印机，成立于2012年，现在声称可以访问2015年以来发表的每一篇付费文章。Sci-Hub的成功依赖于研究人员传递他们自己合法获取的拷贝，这表明法律生态系统在is用户中已经失去了合法性，必须进行改造，使其对所有参与者都有效。

第五段

In Britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. In some ways it has been very successful. More than half of all British scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.

单词&词组

1. either... or...  要么……要么

2. release  n. 发行；发布

本段翻译

在英国，向开放获取出版的转变是由资助机构推动的。在某些方面它是非常成功的。现在，英国一半以上的科学研究成果都是以开放获取的方式出版的：要么从出版之日起免费提供，要么支付一年或更长时间的费用，这样出版商就可以在正式发布前获利。

第六段

Yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. These range from around £500 to $5,000. A report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these “article preparation costs" had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.

单词&词组

1. work out  计算下来

2. respond  v. 做出反应，响应

3. cover  v. 足以支付

4. range from... to...  ［在一定的范围内］变化，变动

5. subscription  n. 订阅费

6. inflation  n. 通货膨胀（率）

7. resemble  v. 与……相似

8. in exchange for  作为交换

9. run  v. 经营，控制

本段翻译

然而，新的制度并没有为大学带来任何便宜。出版商对读者免费提供产品的要求作出了回应，他们向作家收取费用，以支付准备文章的费用。价格从500英镑到5000美元不等。去年的一份报告指出，订阅费和“文章准备费”的成本一直在以高于通胀率的速度稳步上升。在某些方面，科学出版模式类似于社会互联网的经济：劳动力是免费提供的，以换取地位的希望，而经营市场的几家大公司却获得了巨额利润。在这两种情况下，我们都需要权力的重新平衡。

五道题

26. Scientific publishing is seen as “a license to print money” partly because

[A] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase.

[B] its marketing strategy has been successful.

[C] its payment for peer review is reduced.

[D] its content acquisition costs nothing.

27. According to Paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers Elsevier have

[A] thrived mainly on university libraries.

[B] gone through an existential crisis.

[C] revived the publishing industry.

[D] financed researchers generously.

28. How does the author feel about the success of Sci-Hub?

[A] Relieved.

[B] Puzzled.

[C] Concerned.

[D] Encouraged.

29. It can be learned from Paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms.

[A] allow publishers some room to make money.

[B] render publishing much easier for scientists.

[C] reduce the cost of publication substantially

[D] free universities from financial burdens.

30. Which of the following characterized the scientific publishing model?

[A] Trial subscription is offered.

[B] Labour triumphs over status.

[C] Costs are well controlled.

[D]The few feed on the many.

参考答案

DACAD

答案解析

26、推断题。定位关键词”license”到第一段首句，第一段主要叙述了科学家发表研究的期刊，是没有金钱奖励的。其他科学家也免费进行同行评议的专门工作，因为这是获得地位和产生科学知识的核心要素。由此得知首句的意思是，科学出版的内容获得是没有成本的。故[D]选项正确。

27、推断题。由第二段可知，大学图书馆对期刊文章的价格不敏感，科研出版社的利润达到40%，但其他行业出版都不景气。第三段中以Elsevier为例，对比其利润和英国大学相关的花费，可知，Elseiver主要在大学图书馆得到蓬勃发展。故[A]选项正确。

28、态度题。通过关键词”Sci-Hub”可定位到第四段末句，Sci-Hub的成功，显示出法律生态系统在用户中失去了合法性，必须对其进行改造以使其适用于所有参与者。表现出作者的担忧。故[C]符合题意。

29、细节题。由第五段末句得知，发行商可以在正式发行前获利，可知选项[A]正确；由第六段首句可知，新系统并没有为大学带来任何便宜，所以选项[D]错误；第六段第二句，说明在新系统下，从文章作者处收费，用来准备出版文章，故选项[B]错误；由第六段第四句得知，订阅费用和“文章准备费用”均以高于通货膨胀率的速度稳定增长，得知选项[C]错误。

30、替换题。由第六段倒数第二句得知，在某种程度上说，科学出版模式类似于社交网络的经济：免费提供劳动力以换取得到地位的希望，而一些大公司则赚取巨额利润。故选项[D]少数人赚取了多数理论，完美替换了原意。