英国文学史复习资料知识点

1.选择题（作家作品主要人物）
The middle age
1.Beowulf  the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons
2.Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟 (father of English poetry)
The literature is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure (chivalry and courtly love) 
The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集： it refers to a narrative(叙事技巧) which was composed for the purpose of introducing and connecting a series of tales: The Thousand and One Nights There are all together 24 tales with the knight’s tale at the beginning, the Parson’s tale at the end, and the Clerk’s tale and other tales in between 作品：① <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：
     first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English
      ②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗勒斯与克丽西德 
      ③ <The House of Fame>声誉之堂 
      ④<The book of the Duchess>公爵夫人之书 
      ⑤<The Parliament of Fowls>百鸟议会
The Renaissance
1.William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚
Historical plays: Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII 
②Four Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer Night’S Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人 
③Four Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <Macbeth>麦克白 
④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets> 
Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg 

The Period of Revolution and Restortion
John Donne
the Metaphysical poet(17世纪玄学派诗人)  He was the most outstanding of the English Metaphysical Poets
作品：
Songs and Sonnets 《歌与十四行诗》
sonnet: Death Be not Pround
The Flea 《跳蚤》
The Good-Morrow 《早安》
Break of Day《破晓》
Epithalamions, or marriage songs 《颂歌》
n Elegies 《挽歌》
On His Mistress
To His Mistress Going to bed  Divine poems 《圣歌》
Holy Sonnets 《神圣十四行诗》
特点1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻   2. syllogism三段论

The Age of Enlightment
1.    Daniel Defoe丹尼尔•笛福
小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。He started The Review, a political and literary magazine in prison. 1704年，他创办《评论》杂志，这是英国第一份定期出版的社会和政治刊物。
The Father of the English fiction”（英国小说之父） 
He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel. 
作品：
① The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记
It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.
② Captain Singleton 《辛格顿船长》
③ Moll Flanders 《摩尔•弗兰德斯》
④ A Journal of the Plague Year 《大疫年日记》
⑤ Roxana 《罗克萨娜》 

2.    Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特
 十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist
 作品：
A Tale of a Tub 《一只桶的故事》
The battle of the Books 《书籍之战》
The Drapier’s Letter 《布商来信》
A Modest Proposal 《一个温和的建议》
Gulliver‘s Travels 《格列佛游记》
 A Modest Proposal 《一个温和的建议》
Gulliver‘s Travels 《格列佛游记》
Four parts:
Lilliput 小人国  Brobdingnag 大人国
Flying Island 飞岛  Houyhnhnm 马岛 

 The Romantic Period
William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯
与Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯尔律治、Robert Southey骚塞同被称为Lake Poets“湖畔派”诗人
l with Coleridge helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with the 1798 joint publication Lyrical Ballads.《抒情歌谣集》，the Prelude is considered as the declaration of Romanticism英国浪漫主义的宣言. 
作品：
① <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) 

<I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud>
Theme: 1. Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace” 
        2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is insolitude. 
Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834 
The Lake Poets 
Jane Austen简•奥斯丁
She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire.
作品
① <Sense and Sensibility>理智与感情 
②<Pride and Prejudic> 傲慢与偏见 
③<Mansfield Park>曼斯菲尔德庄园 
④<Emma>爱玛 
⑤<Persuasion>劝导 
⑥<Northanger Abbey>诺桑觉寺 
In the opening of Pride And Prejudice, Jane Austen states: “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife”. People marry for many reasons, including convenience, love, infatuation, and companionship throughout the novel. 
浪漫主义诗人二
George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824 
l The most renowned English-language poet of his day. 
l His best-known works are the narrative poems Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan. 
l Byron's fame rests also on his life, which featured extravagant living, numerous love affairs, debts, separation, allegations of incest and bisexuality and an eventual death from fever after he travelled to fight on the Greek side in the Greek War of Independence. 
作品： 
①<Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage>恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记 
②<Don Juan>唐•璜 
③<Cain>该隐 
诗歌：<She Walks In Beauty> 
Persy Bysshe Shelley波西•比希•雪莱1792~1822 
评价:

§ one of the major English Romantic poets 
§ is critically regarded among the finest lyric poets in the English language 
§ Shelley was famous for his association with John Keats and Lord Byron. 
作品：
<The Necessity of Atheism>无神论的必要性 
<Queen Mab>麦布女王 
<Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰的反叛 
<Prometheus Unbound>解放了的普罗米修斯 
Theme: the drama celebraies man’s victory over tyranny and oppression 
<The Cenci>钦契 
<A Defence of Poetry>诗辩 
<Ode to the West Wind>西风颂 
Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies. 

Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life. 
Artistic features: 
Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe …)<To a Skylark>致云雀 
Johnl Keats约翰•济慈1795~1821 
“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。
作品
l On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer 《初探恰普罗译荷马》 
“Sleep and Poetry ”《睡与诗》 
l Endymion 《恩底弥翁》
l Isabella《伊莎贝拉》 
Four great odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn>希腊古瓮颂 
Ode to a Nightingale>夜莺颂 
Ode to Psyche>心灵颂 
Ode On Melancholy> 忧郁颂 
To Autumn>秋颂n 
Theme: The theme of John Keats' poem, "To Autumn", is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader. 

Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.
The Victorian Age
1.    Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂•勃朗特1816~1855 
Due to her upbringing, she often wrote about religious hypocrisy宗教的虚伪—those who preach one doctrine but live by another 
作品： 
① <Jane Eyre>简•爱 
② <Shirley>雪莉 
③<Villette>维莱特 
④<Professor>教师 
2.    Charles Dickens   (1812-1870)  Oliver Twist: the dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark, criminal underworld life Characters Bumble: the parish beadle Fagin: an old miserable Jew leads a                 gang of young thieves. Bill Sikes: a co-leader Nancy: Sikes’s lover Monks: Edward Leeford, Oliver’s half brother Mr. Brownlow :the best friend of Oliver’s father Rose: Oliver’s aunt Mrs. Maylie
作品：l On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer 《初探恰普罗译荷马》
      Sleep and Poetry ”《睡与诗》 
        Endymion 《恩底弥翁》 
         Isabella《伊莎贝拉》 
Four great odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn>希腊古瓮颂 
    <Ode to a Nightingale>夜莺颂 
    <Ode to Psyche>心灵颂 
    <Ode On Melancholy> 忧郁颂 
The 20th Century
Thomas Hardy  Tess of the D‘Urbervilles
Main characters   Tess  Alec D’Urberville Angel Clare 
作品:   Desperate Remedies, 1871 《计出无奈》 The Hand of Ethelberta, 1876 《埃塞贝妲的婚事》  A Pair of Blue Eyes, 1873 《一双湛蓝的眼睛》 Two on a Tower, 1882 《塔中恋人》 The Well-Beloved, 1897    《意中人》  Under the Greenwood Tree, 1872    《绿荫下》 Far from the Madding Crowd, 1874  《远离尘嚣》 The Return of the Native, 1878  《还乡》 The Mayor of Casterbridge, 1886  《卡斯特桥市长》 Tess of the d'Urbervilles, 1891 《德伯家的苔丝》 Jude the Obscure, 1896  《无名的裘德》 
3.    名词解释
1.Epic poetry
a long, narrative poem written in an elevated style which celebrates the deeds of a legendary hero or god. 
Epic hero: super human hero.
2.Satire 
Satire is primarily a literary genre体裁 or form. 
In satire, vices不道德行为 , follies愚蠢 , abuses不正之风 , and shortcomings are held up to ridicule嘲笑戏弄, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, and society itself, into improvement. Although satire is usually meant to be funny, its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism, using wit才智 as a weapon.
A common feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm—"in satire, irony is militant好战的”. This "militant" irony or sarcasm often professes to approve of (or at least accept as natural) the very things the satirist wishes to attack. 
3.Sonnet
Poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.
There are two prominent types: the Italian, or Petrarchan, sonnet, composed of an octave and a sestet (rhyming abbaabba cdecde), and the Elizabethan, or Shakespearean, sonnet, consisting of three quatrains and a couplet (rhyming abab cdcd efef gg).
4.    Renaissance
in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas  that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the Roman Catholic authorities.
5、Novel 
Broadly speaking, the term novel, apparently derived from Italian Novella, which means “tale or piece of news”, is now applied to any prose work of some length, which tells a story, attempts rounded characterization, amuses, shocks and entertains the reader. 
In a narrow sense, a novel is a realistic fiction, complete in itself and contains the essential elements of story, character, and setting.
6、Metaphysical  poem
The name was given to a group of English lyric poets of the 17th cent. The term was first used by Samuel Johnson (1744).
The hallmark(标志) of their poetry is the metaphysical conceit (a figure of speech that employs unusual and paradoxical images), a reliance on intellectual wit, learned imagery, and subtle argument. Although this method was by no means new, these men infused new life into English poetry by the freshness and originality of their approach. 
The most important metaphysical poets are John Donne, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan, Abraham Cowley, Richard Crashaw, and Andrew Marvell. Their workhas considerably influenced the poetry of the 20th cent.
7、Pride  and  prejudice
Character list:
    Mr. Bennet, Mrs. Bennet 
    Jane, Charles Bingley
    Mary, Kitty,
    Elizabeth , Fitzwilliam Darcy  
    Lydia,George Wickham  
    Mr. Collins, Charlotte Lucas
Plot：

8、Heroic couplet(英雄偶句诗) 
it is a traditional form for English poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter(抑扬格五音步) lines. 
   O could I flow like thee, and make thy stream
   My great example, as it is my theme
   Though deep yet clear, though gentle yet not dull
   Strong without rage, without o’er flowing full
9、Oliver twist
Plot:

Characters:
Bumble: the parish beadle
Fagin: an old miserable Jew leads a gang of young thieves.
Bill Sikes: a co-leader
Nancy: Sikes’s lover
Monks: Edward Leeford, Oliver’s half brother
Mr. Brownlow :the best friend of Oliver’s father
Rose: Oliver’s aunt
Mrs. Maylie

10、Victorian Age
Queen Victorian was the ruler of English from 1837 to 1901, so it is customary to call the writing produced during this long stretch of years Victorian literature
The age “is one of strenuous activity and dynamic change, of ferment(发酵,骚动) of ideas and recurrent social unrest, of great invention and expansion.”
11、Bildungsroman
It is, most generally, the story of a single individual's growth and development within the context of a defined social order. The growth process, at its roots a quest story, has been described as both "an apprenticeship to life" and a "search for meaningful existence within society." 
12、Ode 
 typically a lyrical verse written in praise of, or dedicated to someone or something which captures the poet's interest or serves as an inspiration for the ode.
13、Humanism 
express the idea that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill
place emphasis on the dignity of man and the human life in this world
Humanists focus on pleasure rather than morality 
Individual achievement, breadth of knowledge, and personal aspiration were valued

3.文本赏析
1.    Ode on Gercian Urm
第一段：It has existed for centuries without undergoing any changes (it is “unravished”) as it sits quietly on a shelf or table  A “foster-child of silence and time” because it is has been adopted by silence and time, parents who have conferred on the urn eternal stillness.  The urn as a “sylvan historian” because it records a pastoral scene from long ago  This scene tells a story (“legend”) in pictures framed with leaves (“leaf-fring’d”)–a story that the urn tells more charmingly with its images than Keats does with his pen  
 The last stanza records the poet’s epiphany, his sudden awareness of art in relation to life, that artistic beauty is a picture of “cold pastoral”; it is always beautiful but lifeless, which can be complemented by real yet transient life, and so “Truth”, or real life, is every bit as beautiful as is “Beauty”, or art (the urn). Thus the two worlds of art and life are shown to be mutually dependent to reveal their value.      The permanence of the world of art is reconciled with the ephemerality of the contingent world of fulfilled life.     We will need nothing else to feel happy on earth if we can comprehend this nature of things with the help of such art works as the urn. Hence art as “a friend to man” 

2.    She walks in beauty
 
To some extent, her positive attributes create her beauty, and so  the poem makes a point of mentioning her goodness, her serenity,  and her innocence, which all have a direct causal effect on her  looks. There is, though, another element: the “nameless grace”  that is a type of beauty bestowed by heaven.  While a more conventional sense of beauty might list only the woman’s positive attributes, it is typical of Byron’s romantic  sensibilities to see beauty as a mixture of light and darkness,  admitting that the sinister, mysterious darkness of night has as  much to do with a woman’s appeal as the positive aspects  associated with light. Pure light, according to this vision, is so  limited in its relation to beauty as to be “gaudy.” 3. Death be not pround
4. Canterbury tales
5. Jane Eye
6 . Tess
7 .A modest proposal

诗歌赏析 
1.    Sonnet 18
2.    I wondered lonely as a cloud
小说赏析
1.    Pride and Prejudice
2.    Robinson Crusoe