2013年英语二阅读理解Text3

第一段

①Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.

单词&词组

1. prone  a. 有……倾向的；易于；倾向于

2. snap  a. 仓促的、匆忙的

3. eliminate  v. 消除；排除

4. hard-wired  a. 直觉的、天生的、本能的

本段翻译

科学家已经发现：我们虽然易于做出快速过激反应，但是，如果花点时间揣度一下我们可能会做何反应，就可以减少甚至消除快速本能反应的负面影响。

第二段

①Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds.②But we need more time to assess other factors.③To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five.④It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.

单词&词组

1. snap decision  快速决策，仓促决定

2. important defense mechanism  重要防御机制

3. be hard-wired to do sth.  天生会做某事

4. mechanism  n. 机制

5. assess  v. 评定，评估

6. preferably  ad. 较好，更适宜

7. neuroticism  n. 神经质，情绪不稳定性

本段翻译

快速决策可能是重要防御机制；如果要判断某人是否具有危险性，毫秒间我们的大脑和身体便会本能地快速做出反应。但是，我们需要更多时间来评定其他因素。研究表明：要准确辨别某人是否好交际，我们至少需要一分钟，五分钟会更好。想要评判某人性格的复杂面，如神经过敏或思想开阔，则需要花上一段时间。

第三段

①But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren't exclusive to the interpersonal realm.②Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating.③We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we're doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.

单词&词组

1. stimuli  n. 刺激（stimulus的复数）

2. exclusive  a. 独有的，专有的，独占的

3. realm  n. 领域，范围

4. prime  v. 使准备好

5. impulse  n. 冲动，心血来潮

6. in reaction to rapid stimuli  应对快速刺激

7. be exclusive to  专为……所独享

8. interpersonal realm  人际领域

9. a fast-food logo  快餐标识

10. prime sb. to do sth.  使某人准备好应付某种情况

11. have little to do with  与……无关

12. associate... with...  将……和……联系起来

本段翻译

但是，因瞬间刺激而做出快速决策并不专属于人际范畴。多伦多大学的心理学家发现，即便阅读和进餐没什么关系，但只看几毫秒的快餐标识就会促使我们将阅读速度加快20%。我们无意识地将快餐与快速和急躁联系起来，并将这些冲动带到任何一件我们正在做的事情中。接触闪烁快餐标识的受试者也往往会认为一首音乐持续时间太长了。 

第四段

①Yet we can reverse such influences.②If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying.③If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.

单词&词组

1. reverse  v. 颠倒；逆转

2. screener  n. 筛选者

3. bias  n. 偏见，偏爱

4. consumer products  消费品

5. housing options  住房选择

6. real estate agent  房产中介

本段翻译

然而，我们可以扭转这些影响。如果我们知道，自己在选择消费品或房屋时看见笑脸会做出过度反应(这是优秀销售代理和不动产代理总是面带笑容的理由之一)，就可以在购买之前等一等。如果我们知道，女性招聘官更可能拒绝有魅力的女求职者，就可以帮助招聘官们认识自己的偏见——或是聘请外部招聘官。 

第五段

①John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study.② When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.

单词&词组

1. thin slice/ think slice  薄片/厚片

2. only after  ……之后才

3. slice  v. 切下；把……分成部分；将……切成薄片

4. ground  v. 使接触地面；打基础

5. retreat  n. 僻静处，隐居处，休息寓所

本段翻译

婚姻专家约翰·戈特曼解释说，这些快速反应只有基于对“厚片”信息进行长期研究之后，我们才能可靠而又快速汲取“薄片”信息。当戈特曼博士真想评定夫妻俩是否会共同生活时，他会邀请他们去他岛上呆上两天，而非两秒，以进行更长期的评价。

第六段

①Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: dogs can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes.②But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term.③Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn't changed our nature.④We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.

单词&词组

1. differentiate... from...  将……和……区别开

2. rise above  超越，克服

3. mute  v. 减弱……的声音；使……柔和（这里引申为控制、抑制）

4. differentiate  v. 区分，区别

5. intermittently  ad. 间歇地，断断续续地

6. contemplate  v. 沉思，思忖

7. temptation  n. 引诱；诱惑物

本段翻译

通过暂停来减缓本能反应的能力使得我们有别于动物：狗只能间歇地或是持续几分钟来思考未来。但是，从历史上看来，我们大约花费12%的时间来思索更长远。尽管科技可能改变我们的反应方式，但它还没有改变我们的天性。我们仍然具有丰富的想象能力，去超越诱惑、扭转快速趋向。

五道题

31. The time needed in making decisions may________.

[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation

[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction

[C] depend on the importance of the assessment

[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snap decisions________.

[A] can be associative          

[B] are not unconscious

[C] can be dangerous            

[D] are not impulsive

33. To reverse the negative influences of snap decisions, we should________.

[A] trust our first impression  

[B] do as people usually do

[C] think before we act         

[D] ask for expert advice

34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reactions are based on________.

[A] critical assessment         

[B] “thin sliced” study

[C] sensible explanation        

[D] adequate information

35. The author's attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is________.

[A] tolerant   

[B] uncertain   

[C] optimistic   

[D] doubtful

参考答案

DABCB

答案解析

31、第二段①②句首先指出：判断某人是否危险人物，我们在几毫秒内便可完成；但若评估其他因素，则需要更多时间。③④句进一步指出：判断某人是否爱交际可能需要一到五分钟；判断性格更为复杂的方面则需要花上一段时间。综合可知：紧急情况不同，决定所需时间不同，[D]正确。

32、根据题干信号词a fastfood logo可定位至第三段。第三段指出心理学家发现：人们看到快餐标识可能导致其他非就餐行为的加速，如阅读速度加快、感觉乐曲播放时间变长等，原因在于人们无意识地将快餐与速度、急切联系到一起，并将这些冲动情绪带到我们所做的事情当中，言外之意，人们无意识地将不同行为的感觉加以关联，[A]正确。

33、 根据题干关键词reverse the negative influences可定位至文中第四段。第四段首先表明我们有能力避免这些负面影响，随后列举两个例子加以说明。第一个例子即为“我们如果知道销售员的微笑会促使我们做出快速决策(即冲动购物)，那我们就会在购物前多想一想(以避免冲动消费)”，由此可清楚知道，“想好之后再行动”可以消除仓促决定的负面影响，[B]符合文意。

34、根据题干关键词John Gottman定位至文中第五段。段中①句指出， John Gottman认为只有把快速反应建立在大量信息长期研究的基础上，我们才能可靠地依据少量信息做出快速反应，也即，快速“提炼”出可靠的信息来自于对“批量信息”的长期研究，由此可推知，可靠的快速判断的基础是充分的信息，[C]正确。

35、根据题干关键词reversing the high-speed trend定位至文章末段。根据末段， 作者首先认为能否控制快速做决断是人和动物的区别所在，并在最后一句特别提出我们依然具备这种能力。由此可推知，作者认为这是有希望做到的事情，也即，持有乐观的态度。[B]正确。