第一段
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleaguehas been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even beoutraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.
单词&词组
a fat pay rise (固定搭配,丰厚的加薪)
vanish(出现5次)v.消失,不见
colleague(出现10次)n.同事,同僚
reputation(出现7次)n.名声,名誉
slack(出现3次)adj懈怠的,懒散的;n.淡季;v.偷懒
outrage(出现2次)n.愤怒,暴行;v.震惊
underlying(出现2次)adj.潜在,表面下的
assumption(出现10次)n.假定,假设;担任,承担
underlying assumption(潜在的假设)
developed adj.发达的; 高度发展的; 先进的; 成熟的
grievance n.不满
本段翻译
人人都喜欢丰厚的加薪,但是当你得知一位同事薪水加得比你还要多的时候,那么加薪带给你的喜悦就消失得无影无踪了。事实上,如果他还有懒散的名声的话,你甚至变得义愤填膺。这样的行为被看作是“人之常情”,它潜在的假定是其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的不满意识。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的萨拉·布鲁斯南和弗兰·德·瓦尔进行的一项研究却表明,它也是“猴之常情”。
这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上。
第二段
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.
单词&词组
counterparts(出现7次)n.职位相当的人,对应的事物
readily(出现4次)adv.乐意地,容易地
pay attention to 注意
behavio(u)r n.行为,举止
Above all (最重要的是 )
本段翻译
研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。这些猴子看起来很可爱,她们生性温和,乐于合作,并且乐意分享食物。最重要的是,像人类女性一样,它们往往比雄性更注重“物品和服务”的价值。这些特点使它们成为布鲁斯南博士和德·瓦尔博士理想的研究对象。
第三段
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
单词&词组
characteristic(出现18次)n.特征;adj.典型的
candidate(出现6次)n.求职者,候选人;[僻义]合适者
tokens(出现4次)n.标志,代用硬币;adj.象征的
cucumber(出现4次)n.黄瓜
adjoining(出现2次)adj.相邻的
chamber(出现3次)室,房间
exchange for(交换)
in return for(作为。。。的回报)
本段翻译
两位研究人员花了两年时间教这些猴子用代币换取食物。正常情况下,猴子非常乐意用石块交换黄瓜片。但是,当两只猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里,能够互相看见对方用石块换回来什么东西时,猴子的行为就会变得明显不同。
第四段
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hersover for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.
单词&词组
luxury(出现4次)n.奢侈
reluctant(出现6次)adj.不情愿的
toss(出现1次)v.扔
induce(出现3次)v.导致,诱导
resentment. n.愤怒
hand over (交出)
本段翻译
在卷尾猴的世界里,葡萄是奢侈品(比黄瓜受欢迎得多)。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时,第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币只换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无须用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话,那么另一只猴子就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外,或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上,只要在另一房间出现了葡萄(不管有没有猴子吃它),都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。
第五段
The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not thepreserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantlyclear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolvedindependently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
单词&词组
stable(出现5次)adj.稳定的,沉稳的;[僻义]n.马厩
abundantly adv.非常,极其
righteous indignation 义愤
evolve (出现20次)v.演变,变化
stems from(起源于)
as yet(至今)
本段翻译
研究人员指出,正如人类一样,卷尾猴也受社会情感的支配。在野外,它们是协作、群居的物种。只有当每只猴子都感到自己没有受到欺骗时,这种合作才可能稳定。不公平而引起的愤怒感似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其他成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成,还是来自三千五百万年前他们共同的祖先,这至今还是一个有待回答的问题。
文章略读
本文选自2003年9月18日The Economist《经济学家》,原文标题是Moral Monkeys(具有道德感的猴子)。
这是一篇议论文。这是一篇关于动物行为与动物心理的文章。文章首段通过首先介绍人憎恨不公平的行为现象引出猴子和人一样也有这种情感,第二、三、四段通过一些研究者对雌性猴子的行为进行了研究论证具体论证了这一观点。最后一段在以上研究的基础进一步对这一结论做出了说明。
五道题
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by.
[A] posing a contrast
[B] justifying an assumption
[C] making a comparison
[D] explaining a phenomenon
22. The statement "it is all too monkey"(Last line, Paragraph I) implies that.
[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals
[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature
[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other
[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are.
[A] more inclined to weigh what they get
[B] attentive to researchers' instructions
[C] nice in both appearance and temperament[D] more generous than their male companions
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys.
[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers
[B] can be taught to exchange things
[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated
[D] are unhappy when separated from others
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
答题技巧
对于英语学习,做题技巧是比较虚的概念,还是那句,英语学习最重要的是单词认识,句子理清语法结构。很多同学说的单词认识,句子看的懂,却不会做题,很大程度是自己觉得看懂了文章,考研英语特点是词汇上的一词多义,文章长难句多且就在长难句处设问。对于基础真的渣到爆的同学,现在是6月份,推荐的书籍就是《考研真相》,一词一句的分析,其实用这本书并不需要听什么课;如果是要听课,建议的是橙啦的陈仲凯老师,同样细致的讲解考研中大家觉得明白,但是理解不到位的点。唐迟老师的课相对适合基础还可以的同学,基础还可以就是单词大家都很哈的掌握了。
05年的这篇文章是结论论证型的题目,这种题目在多年前比较爱考,大多数就是开头给大家一个结论。通过列举,研究,发现最后再得出结论。掌握文章行文规律,对做题是有帮助的,大家做题的时候要做总结哦。
说到文章结构顺便说下这篇阅读题的开篇,采用的是类比的方式,同同样采用类比方式的还有05-T2、06-T3,就是先言他物,再引导到文章所要讲述的事情。也就是从一个比较浅显的事项过渡一下,转而开始讲述与之有相同特性的且较为深入的事项,所以文章的重点就是深入讲解的内容。因为两者有相同性,所以文章在设置问题的时候,不局限于一方内容。因为两者都是作者描述的内容或是通过现象要表达的观点比如第一问。当题目问到为什么提及大家较为熟知的内容时,这类题目解答起来就很简单了,就是为了引出相同情况的内容,这种设问对应的题目就是06年的Text3有考过。
至于05年的5道题,在通读全文后,用唐迟老师的阅读逻辑的方法【戳蓝字唐叔阅读方法思维导图】去做题难度应该可以的。
参考答案
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- 文章略读
- 五道题
- 答题技巧
- 参考答案