第一段
①Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law.②The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy.③In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.
单词&词组
regard... as... 把……当作……
expression n.表达，体现
crucial a.决定性的，至关重要的
democratic a.民主的
principle n.原则
citizen n.公民
qualification n.资格，条件
literacy n.识字
competent a.有能力的，能胜任的
serve on 担任……的职位
jury n.陪审团
randomly ad.随机地，任意地
representative a.代表性的
community n.社会，社区
on account of 由于，因为
race n.种族
religion n.宗教
defendant n.被告
be entitled to 有……的权利
trial n.审判
verdict n.裁决，判决
conscience n.良心，良知
take turns 轮流
本段翻译
许多美国人把陪审团制度看作是关键民主价值观的具体表现，该制度包括以下原则：所有满足最低年龄和文化要求的公民都具备同等资格担任陪审员；陪审员应从社会各部门的典型代表中随机挑选；任何公民不得由于种族、宗教、性别和民族出身被剥夺担任陪审员的权利；被告人有权利接受由同等地位的人进行的审判；审判结果应该代表社会良知，而不仅仅是法律条文的字面意义。陪审团还被看作是体现直接民主而非代议制民主的最佳现存典范。在直接民主政体中，公民轮流进行自治，而不是选举代表来替自己治理。
第二段
①But as recently as in 1968, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals.②In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character.③Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.
单词&词组
procedure n.流程，程序
conflict with 与……冲突
superior a.较高的，较好的
intelligence n.才智，智慧
prohibit v.禁止，阻止
discrimination n.歧视
elite n.精英，上层人士
antidiscrimination n.反歧视
本段翻译
但是近至1968年，陪审团遴选程序仍然是和这些民主理想相冲突的。例如，在有些州，陪审团职责仅限于由那些一般看来智商、学历和道德品格高人一等的人来承担。尽管美国最高法院早在1880年的斯特劳德诉西弗吉尼亚州一案中就已经禁止了陪审团遴选中的蓄意种族歧视，但挑选所谓的精英陪审员或者蓝带陪审员的做法，却为绕开这一反歧视及其它反歧视法案提供了一条捷径。
第三段
①The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century.②Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty.③Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list.④This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.
单词&词组
majority n.多数，大多数
eligible a.合格的，符合条件的
exempt v.免除，豁免
justify v.证明……有道理
本段翻译
同时，直到20世纪中叶，陪审团制度才开始常规地将女性纳入其中。虽然早在1898年，女性就首次担任过犹他州的陪审员，但直到20世纪40年代，大多数州才赋予女性承担陪审员职责的资格。而且即便是那时，有些州仍然自动将女性排除在陪审员职责之外，除非她们自己要求将名字纳入陪审团名单。这种做法以家里需要女性的论断为解释依据，致使整个20世纪60年代的陪审团中都鲜有女性。
第四段
①In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.②This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.③In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v．Louisiana,the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. ④The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.
单词&词组
Congress n.国会
usher v.开辟，宣告
reform n.改革
abolish v.废除，废止
landmark n.里程碑
extend v.延伸，伸展
unconstitutional a.违宪的，违反宪法的
本段翻译
1968年，美国国会通过了《陪审团遴选与服务法案》，从此开创了一个陪审团民主改革的新时代。这一法案废除了对联邦陪审员的特殊教育要求，并要求从社会各阶层民众中随机挑选陪审员。在1975年泰勒诉路易斯安那州一案里程碑式的裁定中，最高法院将陪审团成员需代表社会各阶层这一要求延伸至州级层面。泰勒案的裁决同时将陪审团遴选中的性别歧视宣布为违宪，并命令各州采取相同程序来遴选男女陪审员。
5道题目
36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that ________.
[A] both literate and illiterate people can serve on juries
[B] defendants are immune from trial by their peers
[C] no age limit should be imposed for jury service
[D] judgment should consider the opinion of the public
翻译：
36.从美国陪审团制度的原则中，我们得知______
[A]有文化的人和文盲都可以担任陪审员
[B]被告免受同等地位的人的审判
[C]评审团选拔没有年龄限制
[D]判决应考虑公众意见
翻译解析：
[定位]根据题干the principles of the US jury system定位至第一段①句。句中由including the principles that引出对美国陪审团制度五原则的逐个解释。其中最后一条原则提到， “判决应该体现社会良知，而不仅仅是法律条文”，由此可推知，社会公众的意见是法庭裁决需要考虑的因素。[D]正确。
[解密]本题考查对文中陪审团制度五个原则细节信息的理解和把握。正确项[D]是对首一段①句最后一个that同位语从句(原则五) 的同义改写。verdicts与选项中judgments同义， should represent与should consider为同义改写， the conscience of the community与the opinion of the public为同义改写。
[A] 、[B] 、[C] 三项均为反向干扰。首段①句中第一个that同位语从句(原则一) 明确指出：有资格担当陪审团成员的公民应满足最低年龄和文化水平标准(meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy) ， 因此[A] 项中所说的“文盲”和[C] 项中所说的“没有年龄限制”均可以排除。[B] “被告人免于被同等地位的人审判”与第一段①句中原则四被告“有权受到同等地位的人审判”相悖。
37. The practice of selecting so—called elite jurors
prior to 1968 showed ________.
[A] the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws
[B] the prevalent discrimination against certain races
[C] the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures
[D] the arrogance common among the Supreme Court judges
翻译：
37.1968年之前的选拔所谓精英陪审员的做法表明______
[A]反歧视法律的不完备
[B]对某些种族的普遍歧视
[C]陪审团选拔程序中自相矛盾的理念
[D]最高法院法官中常见的傲慢
38. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because________.
[A] they were automatically banned by state laws
[B] they fell far short of the required qualifications
[C] they were supposed to perform domestic duties
[D] they tended to evade public engagement
翻译：
38.即便20世纪60年代，女性仍很少出现在某些州的陪审团名单上，这是因为______
[A]女她们受到州法律的禁止
[B]她们远不具备要求的条件
[C]她们被认为应承担家庭职责
[D]她们往往逃避公众事务
39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed, ________.
[A] sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished
[B] educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors
[C] jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community
[D] states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system
翻译：
39.《陪审团遴选与服务法案》通过之后______，
[A]陪审团选拔中的性别歧视成为违宪行为，不得不被废除
[B]在联邦陪审员的选拔中教育要求不像以往那么严格
[C]州陪审员应该代表整个社会
[D]各州应该遵从联邦法院的规定来改革陪审团制度
40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on________.
[A] its nature and problems
[B] its characteristics and tradition
[C] its problems and their solutions
[D] its tradition and development
翻译：
40.文章主要讨论了美国陪审团制度的______
[A]性质和问题
[B]特点和传统
[C]问题和解决
[D]传统和发展
参考答案
DACBD
题目解析
36、根据题干关键词the principles of the US jury system定位至第一段①句。句中由including the principles that引出对美国陪审团制度五原则的逐个解释。其中最后一条原则提到，“判决应该体现社会良知，而不仅仅是法律条文”。由此可推知，社会公众的意见是法庭裁决需要考虑的因素，选项[D]正确。
37、根据题干关键词selecting so-called elite jurors定位至第二段③句。句中指出“虽然早在1880年的斯特劳德诉西弗吉尼亚州案中，美国最高法院已经禁止陪审员选拔中的种族歧视，但是挑选所谓的精英陪审员的做法仍然为逃避这一规定及其它反歧视法律提供了捷径。”句中“这一规定”，指的是1800年案件中反种族歧视的规定，即:既然不允许在选举中实行种族歧视，但是毕竟黑人中符合“精英”要求的人比较少，所以精英选举实际上会产生种族歧视，但在法律上却避开了堂而皇之的(intentional)”限制黑人”的说法,侧面说明，反歧视法律仍有漏洞。因此选项[A]为正确项。
38、根据题干关键词seldom on the jury list定位至第三段③④句。本题问及女性在20世纪60年代几乎无法成为陪审员的原因，③句呈现了这一事实,④句紧接着指出“这种做法的理由是因为有论断认为“女性应留在家中”，“这种做法”回指③句中将女性自动排除在候选名单之外的做法，也就是说，陪审团名单中没有女性，是因为“女性应留在家中”的观点。结合上下文可知，选项[C]正确。
39、根据题干定位最后一段。最后段①②句中提 到Jury Selection and Service Act的通过和影响。②句提到"这一法案废除了对联邦陪审员的特殊教育要求”，由此可推知。对联邦陪审员的教育要求没那么严格了，与[B]选项同义,因此[B]为正确项。
40、这是一道全文主旨题.需结合全文进行分析。文章第一段概括介绍了美国陪审团制度的五个原则和优点，第二、三、四段从历史角度,照应现有的原则，分别介绍了这些原则是怎样一步一步成熟完善而来,因此整体主要介绍了美国陪审制度的历史和发展,因此选项[D]正确。
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