历年考研英语中常见的十五种“逻辑关系词(或称衔接词)”
Preface :“逻辑关系词”对于一篇好的文章来说是非常重要的!!!它就像一座桥,连接段与段、句与句,起到一种微妙的“衔接上下文”作用,即承上启下、起承转合、过渡性作用。有效充分地利用逻辑关系词可以让你的文章“语义连贯、完整、顺畅”,不至于太突兀!下面就是我耗费心血、精心整理而成的历年考研英语中常见的十五种逻辑关系词,掌握了这些有助于你做阅读理解,有助于在阅读中更好、更快地把握文章的的写作思路和整体结构框架,理清文章的逻辑顺序与段与段之间的语义、逻辑关系,从而迅速找出正确答案。有利于做排序题,更有利于你的写作!!!(写作时尽量用那些字数多的短语,这样可以增加作文字数)。需要注意的一点是,有的逻辑关系词不只表示一种逻辑关系,有些逻辑关系之间是贯通的,例如 otherwise 表示转折、对比、结果 3 种逻辑关系;让步之中含有转折的含义;对比之中含有转折、强调之意;并列之中含有递进的含义,例如as well as,as well,also,too既表示并列又表示递进;总结之中含有强调的含义,例如substantially,generally,mainly既表示总结又表示强调;递进之中有补充解释说明之意,例如namely,in other words。 考研朋友们在做题中应当加以体会和领悟。期望本文能对考研的朋友有所裨益。同时本人热烈欢迎各位朋友踊跃对本文加以批评和相互交流,在此,我对朋友们的帮助表示无尽的感激之情!!!
第一, 表示因果(世界上最重要的一种关系就是因果关系)
1. 表示原因
because ( of ) =be responsible for = as = since =for = therein = root =origin ( al ) =causality = due ∕ owing ∕ thanks ∕according to = be attributed∕contributed to (原因是)= now ∕ in that =seeing ∕ considering ∕ given ( that ) = on account of =on this account = on ground of ∕ that (强调主观理由) = out of = for the sake of = in ( the ) light of = in view of ( the fact that ) = by ∕ in virtue of = by reason of = as a result ∕ consequence of = in consequence of =arise from = put sth down to sth(把……归因于……)
【注】 put down ① 把……归因于+ to sth ② 把……看作∕视为 put sth down as sth ③ 使(当众)出丑,让某人丢人现眼 ④ 写下,记下 ⑤ 将……提请(议会或委员会)审议 to put down a motion∕amendment 提交一项动议或修正案 ⑥ 登记,注册,列入名单 + for sth 例句:Put me down for three tickets for Saturday。
2. 表示结果
① So = hence =therefore = therefor = thereby = thereof = thereout = therewithal = thereupon = thus = consequent(ly)= result ( ing ) =effect =consequence = in consequence = as a result ∕ consequence = result in = accordingly = give rise to = lead to = arouse = agitate =awaken = fire up = provoke = spark = spur = stimulate = stir (激起,引起,引发,激发)= trigger = activate = prompt = set in motion = set off = contribute∕ attribute to = bring about ∕on =present =it follows ∕ turns out that …
② Or else = otherwise 否则,要不然
【注】 or else 与 otherwise 既表示转折,又表示对比,还表示结果。
第二, 表示对比
1. 表示“相似性的”对比
① Likewise = like =similar ( ly ) = akin = parallel ( with …) = analogous ∕ analogy = comparable = by ∕ in comparison ( with …) 与……相似的
② Identical = same 完全相同的 = much as = as much 同……一样
be consistent with = consistently = be in agreement with = coincide with … = accord ∕agree with = match(意见、利益等) 与……一致的,相符的
2. 表示“差异性的”对比(这些词也be可以表示转折、强调)
Unlike = by ∕ in contrast = in turn = in contrast to ∕ with = conversely = alternatively = on the contrary = contrary to = contrarily = on the other hand = otherwise = while = whereas = ( run ) counter to 与……相反的,但是,然而
3. 暂时无法确定是“差异性”还是“相似性”的
① 比较级、最高级 most important = dominant(ly)= largely
② Of … and …
第三, 表示递进
① besides =therewith = as well as = as well = and = also = too = in addition ( to ) = moreover = furthermore = apart ∕ aside from
除……之外还,此外,而且,加之(用于“包括的”特殊人或事物前)
② that is ( to say ) = namely 也就是说(有补充解释说明的作用)
③ to put it another way = put another way = in other words 换句话说(有补充解释说明的作用)
④ simply put ∕ stated ∕ spoken 简言之
⑤ or rather 或者更确切地说
【注】 注意 besides 与 except 的区别。例如:① All of us passed besides John 。(约翰也及格了);② All of us passed except John 。(约翰没有及格) except 用于“不包括”的特殊人或事物前
第四, 表示补充(解释、说明)
① But = except ( for ) = apart ∕ aside from = other than
除……之外(都),常用于否定句中,用于“不包括”的特殊人
或事物前。
例如:① No one saw it but me 。
② There is nobody here other than me 。
② that is ( to say ) = namely 也就是说(有补充解释说明的作用)
③ to put it another way = put another way = in other words 换句话说(有补充解释说明的作用)
④ 冒号、破折号
第五, 表示让步
① Despite = in spite of = notwithstanding = regardless ∕ irrespective of = out of account (不予考虑)= in disregard of = for all ( that ) = although = though = as = while = even (if)= much as (用于句首)虽然 = granting ∕ granted that
不管,不顾,尽管(有),虽然,即使
② after all 毕竟
③ certainly = of course = indeed = it is true that … 的确
④ undoubtedly = there is no doubt that … 毫无疑问的是……
⑤ admittedly = we have to admit that … 应该承认的是……
⑥ it may be true that … 或许真实的是……
⑦ there is no denying that … 不可否认的是……
⑧ to be sure = although ( 常与 but 连用)可以肯定的是…
⑨ at least 至少
第六, 表示转折
① Instead ( of ) = rather than (是……)而不是
② But = yet = although = though = while = whereas = when = only = ( but ) rather = instead = still = nevertheless = nonetheless = much as(用于句首) 尽管如此,然而,虽然,但是
③ Otherwise = or else 否则,要不然
④ In effect ∕ fact ∕reality = indeed = virtually 实际上,事实上,的确
【注】 although , though , while , whereas , to be sure , in effect ∕ fact , indeed 既表示让步,又表示转折。
第七, 表示条件
① if = providing ∕ provided ∕ suppose ∕ supposing that 如果,假如
② in case of = in the event of 万一……
③ failing 如果不能,如果没有
④ but for ∕ that 要不是, 若非(主句用虚拟语气)
⑤ unless 除非
⑥ as long as = only if 只要
⑦ on condition that … 条件是……
⑧ if only 但愿,要是……就好了(常与虚拟语气连用)
⑨ only if 必须在……的条件下(引导条件状语从句)
第八, 表示目的
① For fear of = lest 以免,以防
② For the sake of … = in the desire to do sth 为了……
③ in order to
【注】 for the sake of 既表示原因,又表示目的。
第九, 表示引出新对象
① About = concerning = regarding = with regard to = as for ∕ to = in respect of 关于
② in terms of 就……而论,在……方面
③ when it comes to … 当提到……时
④ as such 就其本身而言;就……的严格词义而言
第十, 表示强调
① Above all = most important = valuable = dominant(ly)=largely = most leading = generally = mainly = chief = substantially= the first and more important = matter = signify = for the most part = most = a large proportion of 具有重要性, 最重要的是
② In effect ∕ fact ∕reality = indeed = virtually 事实上, 实际上,的确,其实
③ In any case = anyway = at any rate 无论如何,总之
④ 比较级、最高级
⑤ Noteworthy = Of note= Notable = noticeable =Striking= Remarkable= marked = express (明确的) = evident = distinctly = obvious = clear ( lee ) = dominant =apparent =crystal (显而易见的) = realizing (清晰生动的,明确无误的) = Worth mentioning= observable = spectacular = pronounced = dramatically = understandable= palpable= Important= Significant
显著的,值得注意的,明显的,显而易见的,清晰明了的
⑥ reinforce = stress = strengthen = emphasize = build (sth) up 加强,巩固,增加,强调
⑦ always = invariably = continually = consistently
⑧ considerably相当地
【注】 in effect ∕ fact∕reality , indeed 表示让步、转折、强调;比较级、最高级表示对比、强调。
第十一,表示总结
① On the whole = all in all =overall = in conclusion ∕ summary ∕ general = generally ( speaking )= as a whole =mainly = substantially = to sum up = conclude = come to the conclusion 总的来说
② in short ∕ brief = in a word 简而言之
③ in any case = at any rate = anyway 总之,无论如何
第十二,表示时间
① Meanwhile = simultaneously = therewithal 同时地 = coincide with… 与……同时发生
crop 【C】 同时发生的事情;同时做某事的一群人,一批人 + of 如:the current crop of graduate trainees 目前这一批毕业实习生
② Preceding = previous ( ly ) = former = prior to 先前的
③ Subsequent = following = in the wake of = upon = after = latter 随后的
④ Lattermost 最后的
⑤ Of late = lately = recent = latterly 最近
⑥ To late= as yet = hitherto = up to the present = up to that point = so far 迄今为止
⑦ Present ( ly ) = current ( ly ) =at present 当前的(地),现在
⑧ For the present 暂且,目前
⑨ Around the clock 昼夜不停
⑩ No longer 不再
⑾ initial(ly)最初,开始 = at the beginning of initiatory 最初的
⑿ for a while 一会儿
⒀ perpetual∕perpetuity∕forever ∕for good∕permanent ∕chronic(长期的) 长久,永远
【注】 chronic ① (尤指疾病)长期的,慢性的,连续复发的 = continually recurring
例如:the country’s chronic unemployment problem 国家的长期失业问题
② 长期患病的,长期有某种习惯的 例如:a chronic alcoholic 酗酒成性的人
chronically 长期地,慢性地
反义词—intermittent = occasional(ly)= temporary 暂时的
⒁ before long 不久以后
⒂ long before 很久以前
第十三,表示举例
① Like = such as = for instance ∕ example = take ∕ consider ∕ think of ∕ remember …( as an example ) = a good case in point is … =from … to …( to …) =to illustrate = as an illustration
② 并列的 there be 句型
③ let's take a look at∕return to the example of…
④ in the case of… 比如在……
第十四,表示并列
① And ∕ also ∕ too=as well ∕ or = alternatively ∕ as well as( 不但,而且 ) ∕ along with (连同……在一起)
② 分号
第十五,表示方式
① As if∕though 好像
② as 如……
③ just as 正如……